1/8/2024 0 Comments Chambers dictionary define oe![]() Ao, aorta CS, coronary sinus ICV, inferior caval vein LA, left atrium LV, left ventricle PT, pulmonary trunk RA, right atrium RV, right ventricle.įurthermore, the musculature of the subpulmonary infundibulum raises the pulmonary valve above the ventricular septum to position the pulmonary valve as the most superiorly situated of the cardiac valves (fig 2A 2A), ), lying behind the second and third sternocostal cartilages. ![]() The broken lines trace the course of the coronary sinus passing along the inferior aspect of the left atrium. (E) This four chamber section through a heart shows the off‐set arrangement of the hingelines of the tricuspid and mitral valves (arrows) with the tricuspid valve attached closer to the cardiac apex than the mitral valve. (D) This view from the diaphragmatic aspect shows the course of the coronary sinus and the cardiac crux. The coronary sinus is related to the inferior wall of the left atrium. (C) Viewed from the apex, the right ventricle is crescentic, wrapping round the left ventricle. (B) This view from right and anterior shows the triangular shape of the right ventricle delimited by the tricuspid (dotted line) and pulmonary (arrow) valves. The pulmonary valve (solid arrow) is situated most superiorly. (A) Viewed from the anterior aspect, the crossover arrangement between left and right ventricular outflow tracts (dotted arrow and open arrow respectively) is apparent. This important spatial relationship is one of the fundamental prerequisites for sonographers screening for congenital heart malformations since clinically important heart malformations such as complete transposition may be present when the outlets lack the “cross over” sign.įigure 1 An endocast of a normal heart with right heart chambers coloured blue and left heart chambers coloured red is viewed from different perspectives to display the spatial relationships between cardiac chambers. Thus, the curvature of the ventricular septum places the right ventricular outflow tract antero‐cephalad to that of the left ventricle's resulting in a characteristic “cross over” relationship between right and left ventricular outflows (fig 1 1). In cross section the cavity appears like a crescent. When seen from the apex, the right edge of the right ventricle is sharp, forming the acute margin of the heart. In contrast to the near conical shape of the left ventricle, the right ventricle is more triangular in shape when viewed from the front and it curves over the left ventricle. It also marks the inferior border of the cardiac silhouette. The right ventricle in the normal heart is the most anteriorly situated cardiac chamber since it is located immediately behind the sternum. To help understand cross sectional imaging of the right ventricle, we first review its location and its component parts, including the tricuspid and pulmonary valves, before discussing echo‐anatomic correlations. Imaging the right ventricle by echocardiography is challenging because of the very particular crescentic shape of the right ventricle wrapping around the left ventricle, but it is important and ought to be part of the standard echocardiographic examination of the heart. Finally, right‐to‐left shunting may lead to right ventricular dilatation. In congenital heart malformations the right ventricle may also be affected, particularly in conditions that have the right ventricle supporting the systemic circulation or it becomes the sole pumping chamber following univentricular repair at surgery. Coronary artery disease may also lead to right ventricular dysfunction when the right coronary artery is occluded. Right ventricular function may be impaired as a result of pressure or volume overload, often secondary to right heart valve or muscle pathology. ![]() Often overlooked, and considered the poor relation of the left ventricle, there is increasing interest in the right ventricle particularly with regard to right ventricular failure.
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